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The target cell for PharmaFrontier's stem cell therapy is the monocytes.
The monocytes are separated from the rest of the blood cells prior to dedifferentiation
Dedifferentiated stem cells (MDSC) can be delivered intravenously.
   
These MDSC can also be differentiated into beta islet cells and potentially produce insulin.
These MDSC can be differentiated into endothelial cells or myocytes in-situ to help regenerate damaged heart muscle tissue or myocardium.

Tovaxin Images
   
       
   
Multiple sclerosis, or MS is a common debilitating autoimmune neurological disease where the body's own immune system attacks normal, healthy tissue because it sees it as unhealthy tissue. This includes the neurons that conduct impulses to and from the brain.

T cells are the white blood cells that are responsible for starting this unnecessary immune response, generating harmful auto-reactive T cells.

Infiltrations of auto-reactive T cells along with marcophages and B cells create a complex autoimmune response.
   
   
   
The complex autoimmune response, triggered by the auto-reactive T cells, causes the protective myelin coating, or myelin sheath, along nerve axons to become inflamed and eventually destroyed in various places along the central nervous system.

When Tovaxin (modified, non-replicating T-cells) are injected subcutaneously back into the MS patient, they elicit an immune response against the other harmful T cells that are degrading the myelin. This greatly reduces the number of harmful T cells and it is expected that this vaccine may stop and reverse multiple sclerosis progression.